北京防震历史经验与汶川地震灾后城镇选址重建   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

毛锋  马金锋  周文生 《地球信息科学学报》2008,10(4):503-510

5.12汶川8.0级地震使灾区蒙受了巨大的生命和财产损失,地震造成的灾害与灾区地质构造有极强的空间相关性。灾区地震历史的分析结果表明,该区域地震格局有明显的时空特征,重灾区灾后重建城镇选址宜多学科联合谨慎规划。康熙18年(1679年)的北京平谷-三河8.0级地震与5.12汶川地震惨烈程度相近,北京地质构造研究与地震时空格局分析具有重大的现实意义,北京城市发展中的防震规划历史经验值得5.12地震灾区在重建与今后发展中借鉴。  相似文献   

The restoration of fishing services and the conveyance of risk information in the Southern California Bight     

William S. Breffle  Kristen K. Maroney 《Marine Policy》2009

Southern California's marine areas are heavily contaminated with dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated-biphenyls (PCBs), and fish consumption advisories (FCAs) have been issued throughout the region. Between 2002 and 2003, the Montrose Angler Survey, a large-scale survey of subsistence anglers, was developed and implemented on site in Orange and Los Angeles counties. This survey was intended to assist natural resource trustees in the development of restoration programs that will address injuries to natural resources and restore lost economic services for anglers, but the data were never fully analyzed. The trustees have shown a clear preference for ecological restoration programs that may take years to improve fishing services. In contrast, this analysis, which includes a random-parameter fishing site choice model, demonstrates that simple, inexpensive programs such as better signage to warn of FCAs and transportation to clean sites have the potential to yield substantial benefits quickly. This paper also focuses on how different ethnic minority groups are affected by FCAs, and determines how best to communicate risk information and change fishing behavior through outreach programs.  相似文献   

Storm‐event rainfall–runoff modelling approach for ungauged sites in Taiwan     

Yu‐Chi Wang  Shien‐Tsung Chen  Pao‐Shan Yu  Tao‐Chang Yang 《水文研究》2008,22(21):4322-4330

This work develops a top‐down modelling approach for storm‐event rainfall–runoff model calibration at unmeasured sites in Taiwan. Twenty‐six storm events occurring in seven sub‐catchments in the Kao‐Ping River provided the analytical data set. Regional formulas for three important features of a streamflow hydrograph, i.e. time to peak, peak flow, and total runoff volume, were developed via the characteristics of storm event and catchment using multivariate regression analysis. Validation of the regional formulas demonstrates that they reasonably predict the three features of a streamflow hydrograph at ungauged sites. All of the sub‐catchments in the study area were then adopted as ungauged areas, and the three streamflow hydrograph features were calculated by the regional formulas and substituted into the fuzzy multi‐objective function for rainfall–runoff model calibration. Calibration results show that the proposed approach can effectively simulate the streamflow hydrographs at the ungauged sites. The simulated hydrographs more closely resemble observed hydrographs than hydrographs synthesized using the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) dimensionless unit hydrograph method, a conventional method for hydrograph estimation at ungauged sites in Taiwan. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

First‐year post‐fire erosion rates in Bitterroot National Forest,Montana     

Kevin M. Spigel  Peter R. Robichaud 《水文研究》2007,21(8):998-1005

Accelerated runoff and erosion commonly occur following forest fires due to combustion of protective forest floor material, which results in bare soil being exposed to overland flow and raindrop impact, as well as water repellent soil conditions. After the 2000 Valley Complex Fires in the Bitterroot National Forest of west‐central Montana, four sets of six hillslope plots were established to measure first‐year post‐wildfire erosion rates on steep slopes (greater than 50%) that had burned with high severity. Silt fences were installed at the base of each plot to trap eroded sediment from a contributing area of 100 m². Rain gauges were installed to correlate rain event characteristics to the event sediment yield. After each sediment‐producing rain event, the collected sediment was removed from the silt fence and weighed on site, and a sub‐sample taken to determine dry weight, particle size distribution, organic matter content, and nutrient content of the eroded material. Rainfall intensity was the only significant factor in determining post‐fire erosion rates from individual storm events. Short duration, high intensity thunderstorms with a maximum 10‐min rainfall intensity of 75 mm h^?1 caused the highest erosion rates (greater than 20 t ha^?1). Long duration, low intensity rains produced little erosion (less than 0·01 t ha^?1). Total C and N in the collected sediment varied directly with the organic matter; because the collected sediment was mostly mineral soil, the C and N content was small. Minimal amounts of Mg, Ca, and K were detected in the eroded sediments. The mean annual erosion rate predicted by Disturbed WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) was 15% less than the mean annual erosion rate measured, which is within the accuracy range of the model. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Testing turbulence model at metric scales with mid-infrared VISIR images at the VLT     

A. Tokovinin  M. Sarazin  A. Smette 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(2):701-708

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Pleistocene sediments,soils and landscape evolution at Stebbing,Essex     

Colin A. Whiteman  Rob A. Kemp 《第四纪科学杂志》1990,5(2):145-161

Pleistocene sediments and soils exposed at Stebbing in central Essex, England are described, analysed and interpreted. The sand and gravel units above Eocene London Clay and Upper Pliocene Red Crag are shown to be a high level member of the Kesgrave Formation, with a surface immediately beneath that of the Westland Green Gravels, which are tentatively assigned to the Pre-Pastonian ‘a’ Stage of the British Quaternary succession. The rubified, argillic soil developed in the surface of these fluvial deposits is a composite of the Valley Farm and Barham Soils and displays micromorphological evidence of several phases of clay illuviation, gleying and clay coating disruption. Originally truncated and buried beneath Anglian gelifluction deposits, cover sand and till, the soil has been exhumed in most places by subsequent erosion. The full succession, however, is preserved within large gulls that formed by periglacial cambering prior to this erosion. More recent loess incorporation and pedogenesis have modified the exhumed soil and the materials within the gulls.  相似文献   

2003年淮河流域致洪暴雨过程的环流背景及其前兆信号   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

程华琼  陈菊英 《地球物理学进展》2004,19(2):465-473

分析研究了2003年夏季淮河流域致洪暴雨过程的时空分布特征及其前期和同期欧亚地区环流背景的逐日变化特征,重点分析了致洪暴雨过程发生前后乌山地区阻塞高压强度指数(UBHII)逐日变化特征及其对淮河流域致洪暴雨过程的影响．结果表明：2003年淮河流域持续性强暴雨过程均发生在鸟山阻塞高压强高峰后的减弱期,即在淮河流域发生持续性强暴雨过程之前乌山阻塞高压就发生了突变;同时发现西太平洋副热带高压加强并登陆后的,其北界的位置变化对淮河流域致洪暴雨过程的发生和持续也有十分重要的作用．因此,乌拉尔山阻塞高压异常加强后的突然减弱和西太平洋副热带高压的加强并西进登陆,是淮河流域地区发生持续性暴雨过程的两个重要前兆．  相似文献   

南疆开都河流域夏季径流量的变化及其特征分析     

魏瀛珠  赵巧华  欧阳潇然 《气象》2014,40(3):349-354

利用RegCM3模式对开都河流域2000-2006年夏季气候进行模拟,结果表明:模式对于流域夏季月降水总量和月平均气温的空间分布有较好的模拟能力。结合站点海拔高度值、实测值以及模拟量分别对降水、气温进行修正,并由此计算流域的面雨量和平均温度;结果表明开都河流域夏季面雨量与开都河同期实测径流量有较好的一致性,R~2达到0.97。对开都河流域夏季平均气温、面雨量以及径流量的分析表明,降水是影响流域夏季径流量的主要影响因子;而气温对于径流呈现负贡献的原因可能由于对温度敏感的小冰川大大减少,致使径流量随着温度增加而增加的关系减弱。此外,气温升高导致流域蒸散量的提高,可能是气温呈现负贡献的又一原因。  相似文献   

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崔庆谷  杨星  杨跃文 《大地测量与地球动力学》2014,34(4):175-178

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云南剑川地区象鼻洞遗址孢粉组合和古环境   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张继效  王伟铭  高峰 《地球科学与环境学报》2014,(4)

为了解云南剑川旧石器时代中晚期植被和气候变化特点以及当地环境与人类活动的关系,选取象鼻洞遗址各地层的13个土样进行孢粉分析。结果表明:该遗址堆积时期孢粉植物群以亚热带和温带成分为主,类型相对丰富,呈温暖期气候特征,但气候存在小的波动,呈现出早期温暖湿润、中期短暂干旱、晚期又逐渐暖湿的特点;木本植物花粉在孢粉总量中占绝对优势,说明当时人类活动对自然环境的影响不明显;可作为食物来源的植物很少,因此,当时居住在象鼻洞的人类主要食物应来源于捕捞或狩猎;对照邻近地区已有的研究成果,推测该遗址气候变化与季风活动有关。  相似文献